![Enigmatic Artifacts That Continue to Mystify Researchers After Millennia: ScienceAlert 2 MysteriousObject](https://i0.wp.com/theubj.com/uae/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/MysteriousObject.jpg?w=1170)
It’s not uncommon to hear the terms “stumped” or “baffled” in association with archaeological discoveries. Yet, experts usually have a solid understanding of the purposes of most artifacts found from historic periods.
However, there are a few enigmatic cases that stand out.
Below is a compilation of enigmatic artifacts that showcase the enduring allure and mystery of unearthing history, captivating both scholars and the general public.
1. Neolithic stone balls
The puzzling carved stone balls from Scotland, attributed to the later Neolithic period (circa BCE 3200-2500), exemplify these archaeological enigmas.
More than 425 balls have been discovered. They’re similar in size to a cricket ball and carved from diverse stones. Their intricately designed surfaces often feature circular discs and pronounced knobs and lobes.
Designs often include spirals or concentric circles, reminiscent of the era’s pottery and stone monument designs.
Found in burials and settlements alike, these balls are unique and tend to be discovered individually, indicating they may not have been part of a set. They also show signs of frequent handling.
The purpose of these stone balls has been debated since their initial discovery in the 19th century. Theories include being used as missiles, war weapons, playthings, or tools for measurement, ornamental items, mnemonic devices, aiding in moving large stones, or even as yarn holders. Yet, their true purpose remains elusive.
2. Roman dodecahedra
Recently garnering headlines, Roman dodecahedra, such as the one found at Norton Disney in Lincolnshire, have sparked extensive debate over their use.
Dating from the Roman period in Britain (43-410 CE), roughly 130 dodecahedra have been found across the north-west Roman provinces, each intricately made of copper alloy.
Although absent from ancient texts and art, these objects do not adhere to a uniform size and seldom show signs of usage that could suggest their function. While non-experts may propose ordinary uses like knitting gloves, archaeologists have yet to agree on their intended purpose.
3. Neolithic chalk drums
In 1889, three decorated cylinders of chalk were found in a child’s grave in Folkton, north Yorkshire, followed by the discovery of more chalk drums, including an undecorated variant found at Lavant in west Sussex and an ornately carved example uncovered in Burton Agnes, east Yorkshire.
Accompanied by other items and children’s remains, these drums date back to BCE 3005-2890.
The aesthetics of the drums echo the decorative motifs also seen on the stone balls. Thought not to be musical instruments based on the lack of wear from percussion, some link their design to a unit of measurement known as the “long foot”, or theorize they could symbolize containers like wooden jars or baskets.
Others have attempted to correlate the geometric designs with astronomical calculations. However, their interment with children suggests a more sensitive and possibly ceremonial function.
4. Bronze age “lock-rings”
The bronze age was renowned for exquisite goldsmithing, producing decorative golden items like the small open rings known as “lock-rings.” Dating from circa BCE 1000-800, these are found across Ireland, Britain, and France.
Often discovered in pairs, these gold pieces range from unadorned to intricately engraved.
Some speculate they were used as nose or earrings, or even hair ornaments. However, aspects of their design suggest that wearing them might have been impractical or uncomfortable.
Archaeologists emphasize the need for context, as seen with recent discoveries in Turkey that included burials with facial jewellery.
5. Romano-British cosmetic grinders
Romano-British cosmetic grinders are comprised of two copper alloy parts: a “mortar” and a “pestle”, either a pointed rod or arched “rocker”. Many feature loops for hanging and intricately shaped animal or human terminals.
They often include motifs of waterbirds or bovids, which are also present on other regional container-like artifacts. Certain phallic symbols have led to their association with fertility rites.
Distinctively British, these objects spread across the region from the late iron age to the early Roman period (circa BCE 100-200 CE).
![Enigmatic Artifacts That Continue to Mystify Researchers After Millennia: ScienceAlert 3 A bronze fragment of a cosmetic grinder.](https://i0.wp.com/images.theconversation.com/files/597133/original/file-20240529-23-mz8ow3.jpg?w=1170&ssl=1)